Design features of household cabinet furniture of historicism in the second half of the 19th century
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Тема магистерской диссертации – Технологические особенности изготовления и художественного оформления бытовой корпусной мебели историзма во второй половине 19 века.
Цели работы: провести реставрацию дубового шкафа второй половины XIX века из собрания Санкт-Петербургского Государственного университета, выявить и описать технологические особенности изготовления и художественного оформления мебели того периода.
Диссертация состоит из введения, 3-х глав, заключения, библиографии и приложений в соответствии с главами, к которым они относятся. Общий объём работы 63 листа.
Глава 1. Историзм в архитектуре и декоративно-прикладном искусстве.
Глава 2. Технологические особенности изготовления мебели периода историзма.
Глава 3. Реставрация дубового шкафа второй половины XIX века из собрания Санкт-Петербургского Государственного университета.
В первой главе раскрыты предпосылки появления неостилей в России, когда появился широкий выбор на основе исторических знаний, стремление возродить прошлое, не копируя образцы, а, создавая предметы, соответствующие представлениям человека XIX века. Далее в этой главе говориться об истории развития неостилей в России, о главных мастерах и мастерских, отличительных особенностях неостилей в архитектуре и внутреннем интерьер.
Вторая глава посвящена технологическим особенностям изготовления мебели периода историзма. Изготовление и сфера применения точеных деталей с резьбой, облицовочный материал (классификация по способу получения), приемы облицовывания, конструктивные особенности сборки, специфика сочетания элементов декора разных стилей – все эти вопросы были исследованы и описаны в этой главе.
Третья глава – это паспорт реставрации, где подробно описан ход работ по реставрации шкафа из собрания Санкт-Петербургского Государственного университета
Исходя из изученных материалов, можно сделать вывод о том, что бытовая корпусная мебель историзма второй половины XIX века, имела устойчивую типологию изготовления и художественного оформления. Самым распространённым типом корпусной мебели можно считать двустворчатый книжный шкаф. Также в этот период очень популярны были комоды и буфеты. Основа конструкции каждого изделия корпусной мебели заключалась в изготовлении высушенного и выдержанного материала естественной сушки из распила одного бревна. Индивидуализация каждого предмета предавалась за счёт использования нехитрого и устойчивого арсенала декоративных деталей, которые в разных модификациях устанавливались на предмет. Зачастую в одном изделии можно было наблюдать совмещение декоративных элементов из разных стилей.
Практической частью работы являлась реставрация дубового шкафа второй половины XIX века из собрания Санкт-Петербургского Государственного университета. На его примере были наглядно изучены методики и приёмы, используемые мастерами того времени. Были проведены реставрационные работы, результатом которых стало выведение предмета из аварийного состояния и его готовность к эксплуатации. Проведено укрепление облицовки в местах отхода от основы по всей поверхности шкафа. Изготовлены вставки в места утрат. Восполнены сколы резьбы на пилястрах, а также верхнем и нижнем профилях. В результате исследований подобраны аналоги, по которым были восполнены утраченные элементы декора на лицевой стороне дверей и на карнизе шкафа. Проведена расчистка шкафа от старого отделочного слоя с последующей отделкой его водной морилкой и воском.
The topic of the master's thesis - Technological features of the manufacture and decoration of household cabinet furniture of historicism in the second half of the 19th century. Objectives of the work: to restore an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University, to identify and describe the technological features of the manufacture and decoration of furniture of that period. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices in accordance with the chapters to which they relate. The total amount of work is 63 sheets. Chapter 1. Historicism in architecture and arts and crafts. Chapter 2. Technological features of the manufacture of furniture of the period of historicism. Chapter 3. Restoration of an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University. The first chapter reveals the prerequisites for the emergence of neo-styles in Russia, when a wide choice appeared on the basis of historical knowledge, the desire to revive the past, not copying samples, but by creating objects that correspond to the ideas of a person of the 19th century. Further in this chapter, we talk about the history of the development of neo-styles in Russia, about the main masters and workshops, the distinctive features of neo-styles in architecture and the interior. The second chapter is devoted to the technological features of the manufacture of furniture of the period of historicism. The manufacture and scope of turned parts with thread, facing material (classification by method of production), facing techniques, design features of the assembly, the specifics of combining decorative elements of different styles - all these issues have been investigated and described in this chapter. The third chapter is the restoration passport, which describes in detail the progress of work on the restoration of the cabinet from the collection of St. Petersburg State University Based on the materials studied, it can be concluded that the household cabinet furniture of historicism in the second half of the 19th century had a stable typology of manufacturing and decoration. The most common type of cabinet furniture can be considered a double-leaf bookcase. Chests of drawers and sideboards were also very popular during this period. The basis of the design of each piece of cabinet furniture was the production of dried and seasoned naturally dried material from the sawing of one log. The individualization of each item was indulged through the use of a simple and stable arsenal of decorative details, which were installed on the item in different modifications. Often in one product one could observe a combination of decorative elements from different styles. The practical part of the work was the restoration of an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University. On his example, the techniques and techniques used by the masters of that time were clearly studied. Restoration work was carried out, the result of which was the removal of the object from an emergency state and its readiness for use. Strengthening of the cladding was carried out at the points of departure from the base over the entire surface of the cabinet. Inserts were made in places of loss. Chipped threads on pilasters and upper and lower profiles have been repaired. As a result of the research, analogues were selected, by which the lost decorative elements on the front side of the doors and on the cornice of the cabinet were replenished. The cabinet was cleaned from the old finishing layer, followed by finishing it with water stain and wax.
The topic of the master's thesis - Technological features of the manufacture and decoration of household cabinet furniture of historicism in the second half of the 19th century. Objectives of the work: to restore an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University, to identify and describe the technological features of the manufacture and decoration of furniture of that period. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices in accordance with the chapters to which they relate. The total amount of work is 63 sheets. Chapter 1. Historicism in architecture and arts and crafts. Chapter 2. Technological features of the manufacture of furniture of the period of historicism. Chapter 3. Restoration of an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University. The first chapter reveals the prerequisites for the emergence of neo-styles in Russia, when a wide choice appeared on the basis of historical knowledge, the desire to revive the past, not copying samples, but by creating objects that correspond to the ideas of a person of the 19th century. Further in this chapter, we talk about the history of the development of neo-styles in Russia, about the main masters and workshops, the distinctive features of neo-styles in architecture and the interior. The second chapter is devoted to the technological features of the manufacture of furniture of the period of historicism. The manufacture and scope of turned parts with thread, facing material (classification by method of production), facing techniques, design features of the assembly, the specifics of combining decorative elements of different styles - all these issues have been investigated and described in this chapter. The third chapter is the restoration passport, which describes in detail the progress of work on the restoration of the cabinet from the collection of St. Petersburg State University Based on the materials studied, it can be concluded that the household cabinet furniture of historicism in the second half of the 19th century had a stable typology of manufacturing and decoration. The most common type of cabinet furniture can be considered a double-leaf bookcase. Chests of drawers and sideboards were also very popular during this period. The basis of the design of each piece of cabinet furniture was the production of dried and seasoned naturally dried material from the sawing of one log. The individualization of each item was indulged through the use of a simple and stable arsenal of decorative details, which were installed on the item in different modifications. Often in one product one could observe a combination of decorative elements from different styles. The practical part of the work was the restoration of an oak cabinet of the second half of the 19th century from the collection of St. Petersburg State University. On his example, the techniques and techniques used by the masters of that time were clearly studied. Restoration work was carried out, the result of which was the removal of the object from an emergency state and its readiness for use. Strengthening of the cladding was carried out at the points of departure from the base over the entire surface of the cabinet. Inserts were made in places of loss. Chipped threads on pilasters and upper and lower profiles have been repaired. As a result of the research, analogues were selected, by which the lost decorative elements on the front side of the doors and on the cornice of the cabinet were replenished. The cabinet was cleaned from the old finishing layer, followed by finishing it with water stain and wax.