The immunometabolic and clinical characteristics of depressive episodes within bipolar affective disorder and recurrent depressive disorder
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Расстройства аффективного спектра (рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство (РДР) и биполярное аффективное расстройство (БАР)) играют наиболее значимую роль в структуре глобального бремени заболеваний среди психической патологии [1]. Сегодня депрессия рассматривается как сложный биологический феномен, включающий дисрегуляцию нейро-эндокринно-иммунологических процессов [2]. Рост распространенности расстройств аффективного спектра, а также их вклад в глобальное бремя болезней сделали изучение биологических основ расстройств аффективного спектра ключевым направлением в области биологической психиатрии и превентивной медицины [3]. Общая психопатологическая картина депрессивных состояний представляет собой крайне гетерогенную группу симптомов, что серьезно затрудняет формирование унитарных нозологических единиц, которые бы могли использоваться на практике для более таргетного лечения и в науке - для выделения специфических и чувствительных биомаркеров расстройств аффективного спектра [4]. Это обуславливает важность детальной оценки клинических проявлений депрессивного эпизода [5]. Этиология и патофизиология депрессии остаются невыясненными, но существует подход, рассматривающий единую теорию депрессии, концептуализирующую данное расстройство как результат матрицы различных биологических механизмов [6]. Изучение биологических путей с учетом способов их взаимодействия может помочь не упустить истинную природу расстройства. На сегодняшний день появляется все больше доказательств того, что иммунная система играет роль в психопатологии и лечении расстройств аффективного спектра [7]. Активно изучается вклад воспаления и иммунных нарушений в развитие и течение расстройств аффективного спектра, и дисрегуляции иммунной системы отводится одна из главных ролей в патофизиологии БАР и РДР [8].
Резюмируя описанное выше, можно сказать, что определение наиболее значимых характеристик депрессивных состояний при расстройствах аффективного спектра имеет важное значение для проведения своевременной диагностики и подбора оптимальной терапии. Поиск и выявление специфичных и чувствительных биомаркеров, связанных с иммунологическим профилем, позволит уточнить механизмы развития расстройств аффективного спектра, тем самым указав на возможные новые психофармакологические мишени лечения данных расстройств.
Целью данного исследования было проведение разведывательного анализа связи иммунологических показателей с клиническими и психометрическими характеристиками у пациентов с расстройствами аффективного спектра и группы здорового контроля.
В исследование было включено 20 человек: 10 пациентов с расстройствами аффективного спектра и 10 участников без психических расстройств. Всем участникам было проведено полуструктурированное диагностическое интервью MINI, производился опрос с помощью психометрических шкал. Всем участникам производился забор крови из периферической вены для проведения иммуноферментного анализа с целью определения концентраций С-реактивного белка (СРБ), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 и TNF-α.
По результатам исследования были сделаны выводы о связи иммунной системы и патофизиологии расстройств аффективного спектра. Более высокие уровни провоспалительного цитокина IL-6 связаны с наличием расстройств аффективного спектра. Выраженность депрессивной симптоматики коррелирует с уровнем IL-6, что позволяет сделать вывод о наличии параллелизма в степени дисрегуляции иммунной системы и тяжести клинической картины расстройств аффективного спектра. Значения IL-6 и TNF-α связаны с различными компонентами суицидального поведения. Уровень СРБ связан с нарушениями в обработке и запоминании эмоционально значимой информации. Повышение уровней TNF-α и IL-6 связаны со снижением вербальной, оперативной памяти, моторных навыков и аффективной обработки. На основе полученных данных был рассчитан размер выборки для полного исследования, который составил 127 человек - 44 пациента с РДР, 44 пациента с БАР и 39 участников без психических расстройств.
Литература:
1. World Health Organization [официальный сайт]. Fact Sheets. Depression. – URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression (дата обращения: 21.03.2022).
2. Maes M, Leonard B, Fernandez A, Kubera M, Nowak G, Veerhuis R, Gardner A, Ruckoanich P, Geffard M, Altamura C, Galecki P, Berk M Neuroinflammation and neuroprogression as new pathways and drug targets in depression: from antioxidants to kinase inhibitors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. – 2011. – 35. – P. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.019
3. Петрова, Н. Н., Савицкая К. С. Диагностика и терапия коморбидных тревожных и депрессивных расстройств в клинической практике. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. – 2021. – № 1. – С. 102-112. – DOI 10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-102-112.
4. Dean CE. The Death of Specificity in Psychiatry: cheers or tears? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2012. Volume 55, N 3. P. 443–60 doi:10.1353/pbm.2012.0028
5. O'Donovan С, Alda М. Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 500. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00500
6. Dean J, Keshavan M. The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017 Jun;27:101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025.
7.Eyre, H., Baune, B.T., 2012. Neuroplastic changes in depression: a role for the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 1397-1416.
8. Lu YR, Rao YB, Mou YJ, Chen Y, Lou HF, Zhang Y, Zhang DX, Xie HY, Hu LW, Fang P. High concentrations of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in patients with bipolar disorder. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Feb;98(7):e14419. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014419.
The affective spectrum disorders (major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD)) play the most significant role in the structure of the global disease burden among mental pathologies [1]. Today, depression is viewed as a complex biological phenomenon involving dysregulation of neuro-endocrine-immunological processes [2]. The increasing prevalence of affective spectrum disorders, as well as their contribution to the global burden of disease, has made the study of the biological basis of affective spectrum disorders a key focus of biological psychiatry and preventive medicine [3]. The overall psychopathological picture of depression is a highly heterogeneous group of symptoms, making it very difficult to form unitary nosological units that could be used in practice for more targeted treatments and in science to isolate specific and sensitive biomarkers of affective spectrum disorders [4]. This makes a detailed assessment of the clinical manifestations of a depressive episode important [5]. The etiology and pathophysiology of depression remain unclear, but there is an approach that considers a unified theory of depression, conceptualizing this disorder as the result of a matrix of different biological mechanisms [6]. The study of biological pathways, taking into account the ways they interact, can help not to miss the true nature of the disorder. To date, there is increasing evidence that the immune system plays a role in the psychopathology and treatment of affective spectrum disorders [7]. The contribution of inflammation and immune disorders to the development and course of affective spectrum disorders is being actively studied, and immune system dysregulation has been assigned a major role in the pathophysiology of MDD and BD [8]. To summarize the above, determining the most significant characteristics of depressive states in affective spectrum disorders is important for timely diagnosis and selection of optimal therapy. Finding and identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers associated with the immunological profile will clarify the mechanisms of the affective spectrum disorders, thus indicating possible new psychopharmacological treatment targets for these disorders. The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis of the relationship of immunological measures to clinical and psychometric characteristics in patients with affective spectrum disorders and a healthy control group. Twenty people were included in the study: 10 patients with affective spectrum disorders and 10 participants without psychiatric disorders. All participants were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview MINI and psychometric scales were administered. All participants had blood drawn from a peripheral vein for enzyme immunoassays to determine concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusions were drawn from the results of the study about the relationship between the immune system and the pathophysiology of affective spectrum disorders. Higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 were associated with the presence of affective spectrum disorders. Depressive symptoms correlated with IL-6, suggesting a parallelism in immune dysregulation and the clinical severity of the affective spectrum. IL-6 and TNF-α values are associated with various components of suicidal behavior. CRP levels were associated with impaired processing and remembering of emotionally relevant information. Elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels were associated with decreased verbal, working memory, motor skills, and affective processing. Based on the findings, the sample size for the full study was calculated to be 127 participants-44 patients with MDD, 44 patients with BD, and 39 participants without psychiatric disorders. References: 1. World Health Organization [официальный сайт]. Fact Sheets. Depression. – URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression (дата обращения: 21.03.2022). 2. Maes M, Leonard B, Fernandez A, Kubera M, Nowak G, Veerhuis R, Gardner A, Ruckoanich P, Geffard M, Altamura C, Galecki P, Berk M Neuroinflammation and neuroprogression as new pathways and drug targets in depression: from antioxidants to kinase inhibitors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. – 2011. – 35. – P. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.019 3. Petrova NN, Savitskaya KС. Diagnosis and therapy of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders in clinical practice. The V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. - 2021. - № 1. - С. 102-112. - DOI 10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-102-112. 4. Dean CE. The Death of Specificity in Psychiatry: cheers or tears? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2012. Volume 55, N 3. P. 443–60 doi:10.1353/pbm.2012.0028 5. O'Donovan С, Alda М. Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 500. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00500 6. Dean J, Keshavan M. The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017 Jun;27:101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025. 7.Eyre, H., Baune, B.T., 2012. Neuroplastic changes in depression: a role for the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 1397-1416. 8. Lu YR, Rao YB, Mou YJ, Chen Y, Lou HF, Zhang Y, Zhang DX, Xie HY, Hu LW, Fang P. High concentrations of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in patients with bipolar disorder. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Feb;98(7):e14419. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014419.
The affective spectrum disorders (major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD)) play the most significant role in the structure of the global disease burden among mental pathologies [1]. Today, depression is viewed as a complex biological phenomenon involving dysregulation of neuro-endocrine-immunological processes [2]. The increasing prevalence of affective spectrum disorders, as well as their contribution to the global burden of disease, has made the study of the biological basis of affective spectrum disorders a key focus of biological psychiatry and preventive medicine [3]. The overall psychopathological picture of depression is a highly heterogeneous group of symptoms, making it very difficult to form unitary nosological units that could be used in practice for more targeted treatments and in science to isolate specific and sensitive biomarkers of affective spectrum disorders [4]. This makes a detailed assessment of the clinical manifestations of a depressive episode important [5]. The etiology and pathophysiology of depression remain unclear, but there is an approach that considers a unified theory of depression, conceptualizing this disorder as the result of a matrix of different biological mechanisms [6]. The study of biological pathways, taking into account the ways they interact, can help not to miss the true nature of the disorder. To date, there is increasing evidence that the immune system plays a role in the psychopathology and treatment of affective spectrum disorders [7]. The contribution of inflammation and immune disorders to the development and course of affective spectrum disorders is being actively studied, and immune system dysregulation has been assigned a major role in the pathophysiology of MDD and BD [8]. To summarize the above, determining the most significant characteristics of depressive states in affective spectrum disorders is important for timely diagnosis and selection of optimal therapy. Finding and identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers associated with the immunological profile will clarify the mechanisms of the affective spectrum disorders, thus indicating possible new psychopharmacological treatment targets for these disorders. The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis of the relationship of immunological measures to clinical and psychometric characteristics in patients with affective spectrum disorders and a healthy control group. Twenty people were included in the study: 10 patients with affective spectrum disorders and 10 participants without psychiatric disorders. All participants were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview MINI and psychometric scales were administered. All participants had blood drawn from a peripheral vein for enzyme immunoassays to determine concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusions were drawn from the results of the study about the relationship between the immune system and the pathophysiology of affective spectrum disorders. Higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 were associated with the presence of affective spectrum disorders. Depressive symptoms correlated with IL-6, suggesting a parallelism in immune dysregulation and the clinical severity of the affective spectrum. IL-6 and TNF-α values are associated with various components of suicidal behavior. CRP levels were associated with impaired processing and remembering of emotionally relevant information. Elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels were associated with decreased verbal, working memory, motor skills, and affective processing. Based on the findings, the sample size for the full study was calculated to be 127 participants-44 patients with MDD, 44 patients with BD, and 39 participants without psychiatric disorders. References: 1. World Health Organization [официальный сайт]. Fact Sheets. Depression. – URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression (дата обращения: 21.03.2022). 2. Maes M, Leonard B, Fernandez A, Kubera M, Nowak G, Veerhuis R, Gardner A, Ruckoanich P, Geffard M, Altamura C, Galecki P, Berk M Neuroinflammation and neuroprogression as new pathways and drug targets in depression: from antioxidants to kinase inhibitors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. – 2011. – 35. – P. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.019 3. Petrova NN, Savitskaya KС. Diagnosis and therapy of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders in clinical practice. The V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. - 2021. - № 1. - С. 102-112. - DOI 10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-102-112. 4. Dean CE. The Death of Specificity in Psychiatry: cheers or tears? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2012. Volume 55, N 3. P. 443–60 doi:10.1353/pbm.2012.0028 5. O'Donovan С, Alda М. Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 500. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00500 6. Dean J, Keshavan M. The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017 Jun;27:101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025. 7.Eyre, H., Baune, B.T., 2012. Neuroplastic changes in depression: a role for the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 1397-1416. 8. Lu YR, Rao YB, Mou YJ, Chen Y, Lou HF, Zhang Y, Zhang DX, Xie HY, Hu LW, Fang P. High concentrations of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in patients with bipolar disorder. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Feb;98(7):e14419. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014419.
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Keywords
Расстройства аффективного спектра, рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство, биполярное аффективное расстройство, биомаркеры, цитокины, патогенетические механизмы, иммунология, Affective spectrum disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, biomarkers, cytokines, pathogenetic mechanisms, immunology