Features of the investigation of falsification of evidence
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Целями настоящей работы являются
(1) изучение норм Уголовного законодательства Российской Федерации относительно уголовно-наказуемого деяния – фальсификация доказательств защитником и стороной обвинения в уголовном судопроизводстве.
(2) Анализ особенностей расследования фальсификации доказательств по уголовному делу защитником и стороной обвинения.
(3) Рассмотрение судебной практики и статистики относительно рассмотрения уголовных дел по фальсификации доказательств в уголовном судопроизводстве защитником и стороной обвинения.
Достижение поставленных целей требует решения следующих задач.
(1) Установить понятие и содержание криминалистической характеристики фальсификации доказательств по уголовному делу, совершенной стороной защиты.
(2) Рассмотреть обстоятельства, подлежащие установлению и исследованию при расследовании фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной защиты.
(3) Проанализировать типичные криминалистические ситуации и выдвигаемые версии при расследовании фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной защиты.
(4) Установить особенности тактики следственных действий, обеспечивающих процесс расследования фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной защиты.
(5) Охарактеризовать понятие и содержание криминалистической характеристики фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной обвинения.
(6) Установить обстоятельства, подлежащие установлению и исследованию при расследовании фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной обвинения.
(7) Определить типичные криминалистические ситуации и выдвигаемые версии при расследовании фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной обвинения.
(8) Охарактеризовать особенности тактики следственных действий, обеспечивающих процесс расследования фальсификации доказательств, совершенной стороной обвинения.
По результатам исследования был сделан ряд теоретических и практических выводов.
(1) Криминалистическая характеристика фальсификации доказательств по уголовному делу, совершенной защитником в себя включает: предмет преступного посягательства; типовые способы совершения и сокрытия преступления; следовую картину; типичные сведения о личности преступника; данные о личности потерпевшего; закономерные связи между ними. Предметом преступного посягательства при фальсификации доказательств являются общественные отношения, которые обеспечивают правильное, справедливое функционирования системы правосудия. Местом совершения данного состава преступления является кабинет адвоката, либо здания правоохранительных органов.
(2) В уголовных делах, по фальсификации доказательств, которые осуществлены защитником подлежат установлению и исследованию обстоятельства: включающие детализирующие характеристики о субъекте и субъективной стороне рассматриваемого преступления; отражающие сведения о предмете преступного посягательства; указывающие на обстановку совершения фальсификации доказательств защитником.
(3) Типичными криминалистическими ситуациями и выдвигаемыми версиями при расследовании фальсификации доказательств защитником выражаются: По объему показаний субъекта фальсификации можно выделить следующие ситуации: субъект фальсификации дает максимально подробные показания; субъект фальсификации излагает суть основных моментов события преступления, но подробности не поясняет; - субъект фальсификации, воспользовавшись ст. 51 Конституции РФ, давать показания отказывается. По тактике поведения подозреваемого можно выделить следующие следственные ситуации: связанные с оказанием активного противодействия, без оказания противодействия.
(4) Первоначальные следственные действия, при расследовании уголовных дел, связанные с фальсификацией доказательств включают: выемка материалов уголовного дела, компьютерной и множительной техники. Достаточно важно произвести допрос потерпевшего, с уточнением таких аспектов: где, когда и при каких обстоятельствах он общался с защитником; какие действия совершал обвиняемый (или бездействовал); понимал ли потерпевший, что действия (бездействия) защитника противозаконны; если защитников было несколько, то кто они и каковы были их действия; фиксировался ли факт нахождения потерпевшего в помещениях и здании совершения преступления и каким образом; какие документы подписывал потерпевший, и кто их заполнял; кто присутствовал при их подписании; причинен ли потерпевшему вред в результате действий защитника, в чем этот вред выражен и каковы его размеры. При расследовании уголовного дела назначаются экспертизы: судебно-почерковедческая, судебная техническо-криминалистическая, судебная автороведческая и ряд других.
(5) Следователь (дознаватель) способен сфальсифицировать такие доказательства по уголовному делу - показания подозреваемого, обвиняемого; показания потерпевшего, свидетеля; заключение и показания эксперта; заключение и показания специалиста; вещественные доказательства; протоколы следственных и судебных действий; иные документы. Фальсификация доказательств стороной обвинения может осуществляться в форме действия, так и бездействия, игнорирование о приобщении вещественных доказательств к уголовному делу, либо не проведение необходимых следственных действий, отклонение ходатайств участников уголовного судопроизводства о их проведении.
(6) При производстве по уголовному делу, связанные с фальсификацией доказательств по уголовному делу стороной обвинения подлежат установлению обстоятельства: включенные в компоненты состава преступления - субъектом и субъективной стороной; детализирующие предмет преступного посягательства; условиями совершения фальсификации доказательств следователем, дознавателем.
(7) Существует проблема в квалификации фальсификации доказательств, что затрудняет расследование данного деяния, а также разграничение заведомости от добросовестного заблуждения. Чтобы решить поставленную проблему, мало будет просто вовремя обнаруживать и распознавать возможную фальсификацию, нужно также предпринять ряд мер: Видится правильным ввести в УПК дополнительную процедуру по рассмотрению заявления о фальсификации доказательств при рассмотрении того дела, по которому они были фальсифицированы, чтобы не было излишней затянутости по 144-145 УПК РФ. Также перевести ч.2 ст. 303 УК РФ в разряд тяжких преступлений, чтобы лишить всякой возможности прекращать такие дела с использованием судебного штрафа. В противном случае, чувство безнаказанности у представителей власти будет только расти.
(8) Среди первоначальных следственных действий выступает выемка материалов уголовного дела, и оргтехники - компьютерной и множительной техники, видеозаписей с камер наружного наблюдения на зданиях правоохранительного органа и камер, установленных внутри помещений. Далее производится обыск у следователя на рабочем месте, подозреваемого в совершении фальсификации доказательств. С позиции криминалистической методики расследования уголовного дела по фальсификации доказательств следователем следует, что необходимо осуществлять последовательное предъявление доказательств или внезапность при предъявлении доказательства.
The objectives of this work are (1) study of the norms of the Criminal legislation of the Russian Federation regarding a criminal offense - falsification of evidence by the defender and the prosecution in criminal proceedings. (2) Analysis of the peculiarities of the investigation of falsification of evidence in a criminal case by the defense attorney and the prosecution. (3) Consideration of judicial practice and statistics regarding the consideration of criminal cases on falsification of evidence in criminal proceedings by the defense attorney and the prosecution. Achieving the set goals requires solving the following tasks. (1) Establish the concept and content of the forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence in a criminal case, committed by the defense. (2) Consider the circumstances to be established and investigated in the investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (3) Analyze typical forensic situations and put forward theories in the investigation of falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (4) To establish the peculiarities of the tactics of investigative actions that ensure the process of investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (5) Describe the concept and content of the forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (6) Establish the circumstances to be established and investigated in the investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (7) Determine typical forensic situations and put forward theories in the investigation of falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (8) Describe the features of the tactics of investigative actions that ensure the process of investigating the falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. Based on the results of the study, a number of theoretical and practical conclusions were drawn. (1) The forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence in a criminal case, committed by a defense attorney, includes: the subject of a criminal offense; typical methods of committing and concealing a crime; trace picture; typical information about the identity of the offender; data on the identity of the victim; natural connections between them. The subject of criminal encroachment in the falsification of evidence is public relations that ensure the correct, fair functioning of the justice system. The place of commission of this corpus delicti is the lawyer's office, or the building of law enforcement agencies. (2) In criminal cases, on falsification of evidence, which was carried out by the defense attorney, the following circumstances must be established and investigated: including detailing characteristics about the subject and the subjective side of the crime in question; reflecting information about the subject of criminal encroachment; indicating the situation where the falsification of evidence was committed by the defender. (3) Typical forensic situations and the versions put forward in the investigation of the falsification of evidence by the defender are expressed: According to the volume of the testimony of the subject of falsification, the following situations can be distinguished: the subject of falsification gives the most detailed testimony; the subject of falsification sets out the essence of the main points of the crime event, but does not explain the details; - the subject of falsification, using Art. 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, refuses to testify. According to the tactics of the suspect's behavior, the following investigative situations can be distinguished: associated with the provision of active counteraction, without the provision of counteraction. (4) Initial investigative actions in the investigation of criminal cases related to falsification of evidence include: seizure of materials from a criminal case, computer and duplicating equipment. It is quite important to interrogate the victim, specifying the following aspects: where, when and under what circumstances he communicated with the defense lawyer; what actions the accused did (or did not act); whether the victim understood that the actions (inaction) of the defender are illegal; if there were several defenders, then who they were and what were their actions; whether the fact of the victim's presence in the premises and building of the crime was recorded and how; what documents the victim signed and who filled them out; who was present when they were signed; whether the victim suffered harm as a result of the actions of the defender, how this harm is expressed and what are its dimensions. When investigating a criminal case, examinations are assigned: forensic handwriting, forensic technical forensic, forensic authorship and a number of others. (5) An investigator (interrogator) is capable of falsifying such evidence in a criminal case - the testimony of a suspect, an accused; testimony of the victim, witness; expert opinion and testimony; conclusion and testimony of a specialist; evidence; protocols of investigative and judicial actions; other documents. Falsification of evidence by the prosecution can be carried out in the form of action or inaction, ignoring the inclusion of material evidence in a criminal case, or failure to carry out the necessary investigative actions, rejecting requests from participants in criminal proceedings to conduct them. (6) In the course of proceedings on a criminal case, the facts connected with the falsification of evidence in a criminal case by the prosecution shall be subject to the establishment of the following circumstances: those included in the components of the crime - by the subject and the subjective party; detailing the subject of the criminal offense; the conditions for the commission of falsification of evidence by the investigator, the interrogating officer. (7) There is a problem in the qualification of falsification of evidence, which complicates the investigation of this act, as well as the distinction between knowingness and bona fide delusion. To solve the problem posed, it will not be enough just to detect and recognize possible falsification in time, you also need to take a number of measures: It seems correct to introduce an additional procedure into the Criminal Procedure Code for considering an application for falsification of evidence when considering the case in which they were falsified, so that there is no unnecessary delay according to 144-145 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Also translate part 2 of Art. 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the category of grave crimes, in order to deprive of any opportunity to terminate such cases with the use of a court fine. Otherwise, the feeling of impunity among the authorities will only grow. (8) Among the initial investigative actions is the seizure of materials from the criminal case, and office equipment - computer and duplicating equipment, video recordings from surveillance cameras on the buildings of the law enforcement agency and cameras installed inside the premises. Next, a search is carried out at the investigator's workplace, suspected of falsifying evidence. From the standpoint of the forensic methodology of investigating a criminal case on falsification of evidence by the investigator, it follows that it is necessary to carry out a sequential presentation of evidence or suddenness upon presentation of evidence.
The objectives of this work are (1) study of the norms of the Criminal legislation of the Russian Federation regarding a criminal offense - falsification of evidence by the defender and the prosecution in criminal proceedings. (2) Analysis of the peculiarities of the investigation of falsification of evidence in a criminal case by the defense attorney and the prosecution. (3) Consideration of judicial practice and statistics regarding the consideration of criminal cases on falsification of evidence in criminal proceedings by the defense attorney and the prosecution. Achieving the set goals requires solving the following tasks. (1) Establish the concept and content of the forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence in a criminal case, committed by the defense. (2) Consider the circumstances to be established and investigated in the investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (3) Analyze typical forensic situations and put forward theories in the investigation of falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (4) To establish the peculiarities of the tactics of investigative actions that ensure the process of investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the defense. (5) Describe the concept and content of the forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (6) Establish the circumstances to be established and investigated in the investigation of the falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (7) Determine typical forensic situations and put forward theories in the investigation of falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. (8) Describe the features of the tactics of investigative actions that ensure the process of investigating the falsification of evidence committed by the prosecution. Based on the results of the study, a number of theoretical and practical conclusions were drawn. (1) The forensic characteristics of falsification of evidence in a criminal case, committed by a defense attorney, includes: the subject of a criminal offense; typical methods of committing and concealing a crime; trace picture; typical information about the identity of the offender; data on the identity of the victim; natural connections between them. The subject of criminal encroachment in the falsification of evidence is public relations that ensure the correct, fair functioning of the justice system. The place of commission of this corpus delicti is the lawyer's office, or the building of law enforcement agencies. (2) In criminal cases, on falsification of evidence, which was carried out by the defense attorney, the following circumstances must be established and investigated: including detailing characteristics about the subject and the subjective side of the crime in question; reflecting information about the subject of criminal encroachment; indicating the situation where the falsification of evidence was committed by the defender. (3) Typical forensic situations and the versions put forward in the investigation of the falsification of evidence by the defender are expressed: According to the volume of the testimony of the subject of falsification, the following situations can be distinguished: the subject of falsification gives the most detailed testimony; the subject of falsification sets out the essence of the main points of the crime event, but does not explain the details; - the subject of falsification, using Art. 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, refuses to testify. According to the tactics of the suspect's behavior, the following investigative situations can be distinguished: associated with the provision of active counteraction, without the provision of counteraction. (4) Initial investigative actions in the investigation of criminal cases related to falsification of evidence include: seizure of materials from a criminal case, computer and duplicating equipment. It is quite important to interrogate the victim, specifying the following aspects: where, when and under what circumstances he communicated with the defense lawyer; what actions the accused did (or did not act); whether the victim understood that the actions (inaction) of the defender are illegal; if there were several defenders, then who they were and what were their actions; whether the fact of the victim's presence in the premises and building of the crime was recorded and how; what documents the victim signed and who filled them out; who was present when they were signed; whether the victim suffered harm as a result of the actions of the defender, how this harm is expressed and what are its dimensions. When investigating a criminal case, examinations are assigned: forensic handwriting, forensic technical forensic, forensic authorship and a number of others. (5) An investigator (interrogator) is capable of falsifying such evidence in a criminal case - the testimony of a suspect, an accused; testimony of the victim, witness; expert opinion and testimony; conclusion and testimony of a specialist; evidence; protocols of investigative and judicial actions; other documents. Falsification of evidence by the prosecution can be carried out in the form of action or inaction, ignoring the inclusion of material evidence in a criminal case, or failure to carry out the necessary investigative actions, rejecting requests from participants in criminal proceedings to conduct them. (6) In the course of proceedings on a criminal case, the facts connected with the falsification of evidence in a criminal case by the prosecution shall be subject to the establishment of the following circumstances: those included in the components of the crime - by the subject and the subjective party; detailing the subject of the criminal offense; the conditions for the commission of falsification of evidence by the investigator, the interrogating officer. (7) There is a problem in the qualification of falsification of evidence, which complicates the investigation of this act, as well as the distinction between knowingness and bona fide delusion. To solve the problem posed, it will not be enough just to detect and recognize possible falsification in time, you also need to take a number of measures: It seems correct to introduce an additional procedure into the Criminal Procedure Code for considering an application for falsification of evidence when considering the case in which they were falsified, so that there is no unnecessary delay according to 144-145 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Also translate part 2 of Art. 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the category of grave crimes, in order to deprive of any opportunity to terminate such cases with the use of a court fine. Otherwise, the feeling of impunity among the authorities will only grow. (8) Among the initial investigative actions is the seizure of materials from the criminal case, and office equipment - computer and duplicating equipment, video recordings from surveillance cameras on the buildings of the law enforcement agency and cameras installed inside the premises. Next, a search is carried out at the investigator's workplace, suspected of falsifying evidence. From the standpoint of the forensic methodology of investigating a criminal case on falsification of evidence by the investigator, it follows that it is necessary to carry out a sequential presentation of evidence or suddenness upon presentation of evidence.