NORM AND VARIATION IN SWEDISH

Abstract

The paper examines the functional peculiarities of syntactic constructions with supine and participle 1 that came into existence by grammatical analogy but have not been included in the literary norm of the Swedish language. They are found in 16th–17th century Swedish texts and are persistently used in everyday colloquial speech. “Double” supine in predicates with preterit perfect forms derived from verbs with modal semantics expressing irreality, appear in the perfective-resultative meaning by analogy with the perfect infinitive ha + supine, in which the first component can be omitted in the preterite after modal verbs. The variation form of participle 1 with the final morpheme -s came into being by analogy with adverbs derived from nominal phrases with genitive forms and having the same final consonant. It forms part of predicates with the verbs komma (with participle 1 of verbs of movement to express the way the moving subject appears) and bli (with participle 1 of verbs of spatial position to express delimitative semantics). Furthermore, a participle with a final -s is used in adverbial functions of the subjective and objective predicative, as well as in syntactic constructions with secondary parts of sentence of the verbal type that express secondary predication. Thus, the variation form of the participle 1 with a final -s expresses the additional grammatical feature of “non-attribution”, which is not found in the standard Swedish language.