Religious factors in ethnopolitical conflicts (on the example of Myanmar and Sri Lanka)
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В последние несколько лет в средствах массовой информации все чаще упоминаются такие страны, как Мьянма и Шри-Ланка в связи с многочисленными конфликтами, возникающими на этнополитической и религиозной почве. Эти страны сравнительно недавно встали на путь демократизации и столкнулись с конфликтами, возникающими между этносами с разной религиозной принадлежностью. Мьянма и Шри-Ланка известны деятельностью буддийских монахов-националистов, которые используют религиозную риторику, тем самым усиливая радикальные настроения в обществе. Цель данной работы – определить роль религии в этнополитических конфликтах на примере данных стран. Объект исследования – религиозные факторы в этнополитических конфликтах. Предмет исследования – влияние религии на формирование и развитие этнополитических конфликтов.
В первой главе раскрывается проблема легитимации насилия в буддизме и индуизме, а также описываются мифологические сюжеты и положения священных текстов, где затрагивается насилие, с целью выяснения условий, при которых насилие позволительно. Во второй главе исследуются исторические предпосылки и причины возникновения и развития сложных конфликтных взаимоотношений между бирманцами и рохинджа в Мьянме, анализируется деятельность и риторика буддийских националистических движений с целью выделения роли религиозного фактора в конфликте. Третья глава посвящена исследованию корней сингало-тамильского и буддийско-мусульманского конфликтов в Шри-Ланке, роли буддистов-радикалов и преступных группировок и формированию этнических идентичностей вкупе с религиозным измерением.
Этнополитические конфликты в Мьянме и Шри Ланке – это пример того, как религия, даже не являющаяся эксклюзивистской (то есть настаивающей на своей абсолютной истинности, и отрицающей такой статус за другими вероисповеданиями), может выполнить интегрирующе/дезинтегрирующую функцию в обществе, где религиозная принадлежность, в силу замедленности секуляризационных процессов, по-прежнему тесно взаимосвязана с этничностью, а сам этнос ощущает себя уязвленным.
In the past few years, countries such as Myanmar and Sri Lanka have been increasingly mentioned in the media in connection with numerous conflicts arising on ethnopolitical and religious grounds. These countries relatively recently embarked on the path of democratization and faced conflicts between ethnic groups with different religious affiliations. Myanmar and Sri Lanka are famous for the activities of Buddhist nationalist monks who use religious rhetoric, thereby reinforcing radical sentiments in society. The purpose of this work is to determine the role of religion in ethnopolitical conflicts using the example of these countries. The object of the research is religious factors in ethnopolitical conflicts. The subject of the research is the influence of religion on the formation and development of ethnopolitical conflicts. The first chapter reveals the problem of legitimizing violence in Buddhism and Hinduism, and also describes mythological plots and provisions of sacred texts, which touch upon violence, in order to clarify the conditions under which violence is permissible. The second chapter examines the historical background and reasons for the emergence and development of complex conflict relations between Burmese and Rohingya in Myanmar, analyzes the activities and rhetoric of Buddhist nationalist movements in order to highlight the role of the religious factor in the conflict. The third chapter explores the roots of the Sinhalo-Tamil and Buddhist-Muslim conflicts in Sri Lanka, the role of Buddhist radicals and criminal gangs, and the formation of ethnic identities coupled with a religious dimension. Ethnopolitical conflicts in Myanmar and Sri Lanka are an example of how a religion that is not even exclusive (that is, insists on its absolute truth, and denies such a status for other religions), can fulfill an integrating / disintegrating function in a society where religious affiliation, due to the slowness of secularization processes, it is still closely interconnected with ethnicity, and the ethnic group itself feels wounded.
In the past few years, countries such as Myanmar and Sri Lanka have been increasingly mentioned in the media in connection with numerous conflicts arising on ethnopolitical and religious grounds. These countries relatively recently embarked on the path of democratization and faced conflicts between ethnic groups with different religious affiliations. Myanmar and Sri Lanka are famous for the activities of Buddhist nationalist monks who use religious rhetoric, thereby reinforcing radical sentiments in society. The purpose of this work is to determine the role of religion in ethnopolitical conflicts using the example of these countries. The object of the research is religious factors in ethnopolitical conflicts. The subject of the research is the influence of religion on the formation and development of ethnopolitical conflicts. The first chapter reveals the problem of legitimizing violence in Buddhism and Hinduism, and also describes mythological plots and provisions of sacred texts, which touch upon violence, in order to clarify the conditions under which violence is permissible. The second chapter examines the historical background and reasons for the emergence and development of complex conflict relations between Burmese and Rohingya in Myanmar, analyzes the activities and rhetoric of Buddhist nationalist movements in order to highlight the role of the religious factor in the conflict. The third chapter explores the roots of the Sinhalo-Tamil and Buddhist-Muslim conflicts in Sri Lanka, the role of Buddhist radicals and criminal gangs, and the formation of ethnic identities coupled with a religious dimension. Ethnopolitical conflicts in Myanmar and Sri Lanka are an example of how a religion that is not even exclusive (that is, insists on its absolute truth, and denies such a status for other religions), can fulfill an integrating / disintegrating function in a society where religious affiliation, due to the slowness of secularization processes, it is still closely interconnected with ethnicity, and the ethnic group itself feels wounded.