Formation and development of the legislation on bankruptcy in the Russian Federation
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Цель исследования: осуществление анализа основных направлений развития законодательства о банкротстве в РФ в конце XX – XXI веке Задачи исследования: - изучить историю формирования института банкротства в период становления в РФ рыночной экономики в конце XX века; - рассмотреть причины принятия и особенности Федерального закона от 26.10.2002 №127-ФЗ «О несостоятельности (банкротстве)»; - определить ключевые направления развития законодательства о несостоятельности в современный период (как в отношении общих положений о банкротстве, так и в части реформирования норм о банкротстве отдельных категорий должников). Основные выводы, сделанные по результатам исследования: 1. Общие направления развития законодательства о банкротстве представлены изменением правового статуса лиц, участвующих в деле о банкротстве, изменением самой процедуры банкротства, уточнением оснований и мер ответственности в деле о банкротстве, а также развитием положений о специальных категориях должников. 2. В части реформирования правового статуса лиц, участвующих в деле о банкротстве, основные изменения связаны с фигурой арбитражного управляющего: новое правовое регулирование в большей степени призвано обеспечить независимость арбитражного управляющего, его высокую профессиональную квалификацию, создать гарантии возмещения убытков, причиненных его действиями в рамках процедур банкротства, расширить его возможности в области оценки законности осуществляемой должником хозяйственной деятельности. 3. Развитие законодательства в направлении конкретизации оснований и мер ответственности контролирующих лиц должника может быть проиллюстрировано ст. 61.20 Федерального закона №127-ФЗ, которая специально установила, что привлечение лица к субсидиарной ответственности не препятствует предъявлению к этому лицу требования о возмещении убытков в части, не покрытой размером субсидиарной ответственности. Ранее в судебной практике предполагалось, что взыскание убытков с контролирующего лица должника по основаниям, по которым он уже был привлечен к субсидиарной ответственности по ст. 10 Закона о банкротстве, невозможно. 4. Важным направлением реформирования законодательства о банкротстве является расширение круга субъектов, к которым применяются специальные положения Федерального закона № 127-ФЗ. К их числу, в частности, относятся кредитные организации и застройщики. В целом, развитие законодательства о банкротстве кредитных организаций определяется созданием дополнительных механизмов по предупреждению их банкротства, ужесточением мер ответственности, применяемых к контролирующим лицам должника. Развитие законодательства о банкротстве застройщиков, в свою очередь, имеет своей целью обеспечение конституционного права граждан на жилище и предотвращения массовой социальной напряженности в условиях финансового кризиса. В силу этого, законодателем разрабатываются механизмы, с помощью которых становится возможным удовлетворение неденежных требований участников строительства, а также завершение строительства. 5. Важной новеллой законодательства о банкротстве является введение норм о банкротстве граждан. Данное нововведение имеет как положительные стороны, так и сопряжено с рядом проблем. Вместе с тем, следует признать, что закрепление данных норм отражает текущие потребности социально-экономического развития России
The purpose of the study: the analysis of the main directions of the development of bankruptcy legislation in the Russian Federation in the late XX - XXI century Objectives of the study: - to study the history of the formation of the institution of bankruptcy in the period when the market economy was established in the Russian Federation at the end of the 20th century; - consider the reasons for adopting and specific features of Federal Law No. 127-FZ of October 26, 2002 "On insolvency (bankruptcy)"; - identify key areas for the development of insolvency law in the modern period (both with respect to general provisions on bankruptcy, and with respect to the reform of bankruptcy rules for certain categories of debtors). The main conclusions drawn from the study: 1. The general directions of the development of bankruptcy legislation are represented by changes in the legal status of persons participating in the bankruptcy case, changes in the bankruptcy procedure itself, clarification of the grounds and measures of responsibility in the bankruptcy case, and the development of provisions on special categories of debtors. 2. With regard to the reform of the legal status of persons participating in the bankruptcy case, the main changes are related to the figure of the arbitration administrator: the new legal regulation is more intended to ensure the independence of the arbitration administrator, his high professional qualifications, create guarantees for compensation of losses caused by his actions within the framework of procedures of bankruptcy, to expand its capabilities in the field of assessing the legality of the debtor's economic activities. 3. The development of legislation in the direction of specifying the grounds and measures of responsibility of the controlling persons of the debtor can be illustrated by Art. 61.20 of Federal Law No. 127-FZ, which specifically established that the person's involvement in subsidiary liability does not preclude the presentation to this person of a claim for damages in the part not covered by the amount of subsidiary liability. Earlier in the court practice it was assumed that the recovery of damages from the debtor's supervisory person on the grounds on which he had already been subject to subsidiary liability under Art. 10 of the Bankruptcy Law, it is impossible. 4. An important direction in reforming bankruptcy legislation is the expansion of the range of subjects to which special provisions of Federal Law No. 127-FZ apply. Among them, in particular, are credit organizations and developers. In general, the development of legislation on bankruptcy of credit institutions is determined by the creation of additional mechanisms to prevent their bankruptcy, toughening of liability measures applied to the controlling persons of the debtor. The development of bankruptcy legislation for developers, in turn, is aimed at securing the constitutional right of citizens to housing and preventing mass social tension in the financial crisis. Therefore, the legislator develops mechanisms through which it becomes possible to meet the non-monetary requirements of construction participants, as well as the completion of construction. 5. An important novelty of the law on bankruptcy is the introduction of rules on the bankruptcy of citizens. This innovation has both positive aspects and involves a number of problems. At the same time, it should be recognized that the consolidation of these norms reflects the current needs of Russia's social and economic.
The purpose of the study: the analysis of the main directions of the development of bankruptcy legislation in the Russian Federation in the late XX - XXI century Objectives of the study: - to study the history of the formation of the institution of bankruptcy in the period when the market economy was established in the Russian Federation at the end of the 20th century; - consider the reasons for adopting and specific features of Federal Law No. 127-FZ of October 26, 2002 "On insolvency (bankruptcy)"; - identify key areas for the development of insolvency law in the modern period (both with respect to general provisions on bankruptcy, and with respect to the reform of bankruptcy rules for certain categories of debtors). The main conclusions drawn from the study: 1. The general directions of the development of bankruptcy legislation are represented by changes in the legal status of persons participating in the bankruptcy case, changes in the bankruptcy procedure itself, clarification of the grounds and measures of responsibility in the bankruptcy case, and the development of provisions on special categories of debtors. 2. With regard to the reform of the legal status of persons participating in the bankruptcy case, the main changes are related to the figure of the arbitration administrator: the new legal regulation is more intended to ensure the independence of the arbitration administrator, his high professional qualifications, create guarantees for compensation of losses caused by his actions within the framework of procedures of bankruptcy, to expand its capabilities in the field of assessing the legality of the debtor's economic activities. 3. The development of legislation in the direction of specifying the grounds and measures of responsibility of the controlling persons of the debtor can be illustrated by Art. 61.20 of Federal Law No. 127-FZ, which specifically established that the person's involvement in subsidiary liability does not preclude the presentation to this person of a claim for damages in the part not covered by the amount of subsidiary liability. Earlier in the court practice it was assumed that the recovery of damages from the debtor's supervisory person on the grounds on which he had already been subject to subsidiary liability under Art. 10 of the Bankruptcy Law, it is impossible. 4. An important direction in reforming bankruptcy legislation is the expansion of the range of subjects to which special provisions of Federal Law No. 127-FZ apply. Among them, in particular, are credit organizations and developers. In general, the development of legislation on bankruptcy of credit institutions is determined by the creation of additional mechanisms to prevent their bankruptcy, toughening of liability measures applied to the controlling persons of the debtor. The development of bankruptcy legislation for developers, in turn, is aimed at securing the constitutional right of citizens to housing and preventing mass social tension in the financial crisis. Therefore, the legislator develops mechanisms through which it becomes possible to meet the non-monetary requirements of construction participants, as well as the completion of construction. 5. An important novelty of the law on bankruptcy is the introduction of rules on the bankruptcy of citizens. This innovation has both positive aspects and involves a number of problems. At the same time, it should be recognized that the consolidation of these norms reflects the current needs of Russia's social and economic.