Compound words in Modern Greek dialects
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Актуальность данного исследования определяется недостаточной изученностью композитов в диалектах новогреческого языка. Целью исследования является сопоставительный анализ способов образования композитов в диалектах новогреческого языка. В ходе анализа диалектных композитов исследовались следующие параметры: эндоцентричность/экзоцентричность композитов; типы составляющих композита (морфема + слово, слово + слово и т. д.); наличие/отсутствие соединительного гласного и частиречная принадлежность элементов композита.
В ходе исследования выявилось, что в разных диалектах композиты представлены с разной степенью частотности. Наибольшее количество композитов было обнаружено в диалекте приазовских греков, цаконском диалекте и греканико.
Для данного исследования не представляли интерес словоформы, которые могут быть результатом производных процессов (таких как, напр., аффиксация), но не являются результатом соединения двух или более знаменательных морфем, несмотря на то что некоторые из исследователей и относят сочетания слова с приставкой к композитам. Это, напр., слова с приставками κατά, μετά, παρά, αντί, από и т. д., поскольку приставочный способ образования слов характерен для новогреческого языка и его диалектов. Для исследования также не представляли интерес словосочетания. Для диалектных композитов характерно наличие ядра композита (главной его части) с правой стороны, т. е. диалектные композиты в большей степени эндоцентричные. При этом для диалектов, в которых сохраняются архаические черты (напр., понтийский диалект), характерно наличие экзоцентричных композитов, т. е. сложных слов, которые не содержат главного элемента в принципе и в которых оба компонента равнозначны. Скорее всего, это связано с тем, что в древнегреческом языке композиты были преимущественно экзоцентричными. Соответственно, архаичные диалекты, не утратившие древнегреческие особенности, сохранили «древнегреческую» модель образования сложных слов.
Встречаются случаи, когда в диалекте возникает композит, значение которого в стандартном новогреческом языке передается словосочетанием, а не сложным словом. Необходимо отметить, что есть и обратные ситуации, когда в диалекте значение передается словосочетанием, а не композитом, как в стандартном новогреческом. При этом обнаруживаются композиты, присутствующие в стандартном новогреческом языке, но имеющие в диалекте некоторые лексические, морфологические и/или фонетические особенности, обусловленные этим диалектом. Иными словами, диалектный композит может иметь аналог в стандартном греческом, но с некоторыми отличиями.
Для новогреческого языка в целом более характерно образование композитов путем сложения стволов, а не двух самостоятельных слов. При данном способе сложения соединительный гласный практически не используется. Он более характерен для случаев сложения двух лексически независимых слов.
Поскольку большинство рассмотренных в исследовании диалектов существует или существовало в прошлом в ситуации языкового контакта, есть примеры, когда один из частей композита заимствован.
Проведенное исследование позволило предложить классификацию диалектов новогреческого языка по месту расположения ядра композита. Так, возможно деление диалектов на диалекты с эндоцентричными композитами и диалекты с экзоцентричными композитами. Такое деление также будет критерием степени близости того или иного диалекта к древнегреческому языку, поскольку экзоцентричные композиты, то есть композиты, не имеющие главного элемента, либо имеющие его вне самого композита, более характерны для диалектов, близких к древнегреческому. При этом композиты с ядром в правой части более характерны для диалектов, близких к стандартном греческому языку. Распределяются диалекты внутри классификации в соответствии с превалирующим типом композитов в диалекте.
The relevance of the research is determined by the insufficient study of Modern Greek dialects compounds. The aim of the research is a comparative analysis of the ways compounds are formed in Modern Greek dialects. In the analysis of dialect compounds, the following parameters were considered: endocentricity/ exocentricity of compounds; type of the compound components (morpheme + word, word + word, etc.); presence/absence of a connecting vowel; part-of-speech attribution of the compound elements. It was found out that compounds are represented with different degrees of frequency in different dialects. The highest number of compounds was found in the dialect of Cis-Azov region Greeks, Tsakonian Greek and Grecanico. Within the framework of this research, word forms, which may be the result of derivation (e.g., affixation), but are not the result of the combination of two or more lexical morphemes, were not of interest, although some researchers consider combinations of words with a prefix to be compounds. For example, these include words with the prefixes κατά, μετά, παρά, αντί, από, etc., since prefixation is characteristic of Modern Greek and its dialects. Word combinations were also not of interest for the present research. The presence of the head of the compound (its main part) on the right side (right-headedness) is typical of dialectal compounds, i.e. dialectal compounds are endocentric to a greater extent. At the same time, dialects which retain archaic features (e.g., the Pontic dialect) are characterized by the presence of exocentric compounds, i.e., the compound words not containing the main element at all and in which both parts are equally important. Most likely, it is due to the fact that Ancient Greek compounds were predominantly exocentric. Accordingly, archaic dialects that have not lost their Ancient Greek features retained the “Antient Greek” pattern of compounds formation. In dialects, we can also find examples of some compounds the meaning of which in Standard Modern Greek is rendered with the help of a word combination, rather than a compound word. It should be noted that there are also reverse situations, when in a dialect, the meaning is conveyed with a word combination, but not by a compound, as in Standard Modern Greek. At the same time, there are also compounds which are present in Standard Modern Greek, but which have some lexical, morphological and/or phonetic peculiarities in a dialect. In other words, a dialectal compound can have an analogue in Standard Modern Greek, though with some differences. It is generally more characteristic of Modern Greek to form compounds by stem-compounding rather than compounding of two independent words. In this type of compounding, the connecting vowel is virtually never used. It is more characteristic of compounding of two lexically independent words. Nouns constitute the vast majority of dialectal compounds. Since most of the dialects studied in the present paper exist or existed in a situation of language contact, there are examples of compounds in which one part is a borrowing. The conducted research allowed us to propose a classification of Modern Greek dialects according to the position of the compound head. Thus, it is possible to divide dialects into dialects with endocentric compounds and dialects with exocentric compounds. Such division also presents a criterion of the degree of affinity of any dialect to Ancient Greek, since exocentric compounds, i.e. compounds without a main element or having it outside the compound itself, are more characteristic of dialects close to Ancient Greek. At the same time right-headed compounds are more typical of dialects close to Standard Modern Greek. The dialects within the classification are arranged according to the prevailing type of compounds in a dialect.
The relevance of the research is determined by the insufficient study of Modern Greek dialects compounds. The aim of the research is a comparative analysis of the ways compounds are formed in Modern Greek dialects. In the analysis of dialect compounds, the following parameters were considered: endocentricity/ exocentricity of compounds; type of the compound components (morpheme + word, word + word, etc.); presence/absence of a connecting vowel; part-of-speech attribution of the compound elements. It was found out that compounds are represented with different degrees of frequency in different dialects. The highest number of compounds was found in the dialect of Cis-Azov region Greeks, Tsakonian Greek and Grecanico. Within the framework of this research, word forms, which may be the result of derivation (e.g., affixation), but are not the result of the combination of two or more lexical morphemes, were not of interest, although some researchers consider combinations of words with a prefix to be compounds. For example, these include words with the prefixes κατά, μετά, παρά, αντί, από, etc., since prefixation is characteristic of Modern Greek and its dialects. Word combinations were also not of interest for the present research. The presence of the head of the compound (its main part) on the right side (right-headedness) is typical of dialectal compounds, i.e. dialectal compounds are endocentric to a greater extent. At the same time, dialects which retain archaic features (e.g., the Pontic dialect) are characterized by the presence of exocentric compounds, i.e., the compound words not containing the main element at all and in which both parts are equally important. Most likely, it is due to the fact that Ancient Greek compounds were predominantly exocentric. Accordingly, archaic dialects that have not lost their Ancient Greek features retained the “Antient Greek” pattern of compounds formation. In dialects, we can also find examples of some compounds the meaning of which in Standard Modern Greek is rendered with the help of a word combination, rather than a compound word. It should be noted that there are also reverse situations, when in a dialect, the meaning is conveyed with a word combination, but not by a compound, as in Standard Modern Greek. At the same time, there are also compounds which are present in Standard Modern Greek, but which have some lexical, morphological and/or phonetic peculiarities in a dialect. In other words, a dialectal compound can have an analogue in Standard Modern Greek, though with some differences. It is generally more characteristic of Modern Greek to form compounds by stem-compounding rather than compounding of two independent words. In this type of compounding, the connecting vowel is virtually never used. It is more characteristic of compounding of two lexically independent words. Nouns constitute the vast majority of dialectal compounds. Since most of the dialects studied in the present paper exist or existed in a situation of language contact, there are examples of compounds in which one part is a borrowing. The conducted research allowed us to propose a classification of Modern Greek dialects according to the position of the compound head. Thus, it is possible to divide dialects into dialects with endocentric compounds and dialects with exocentric compounds. Such division also presents a criterion of the degree of affinity of any dialect to Ancient Greek, since exocentric compounds, i.e. compounds without a main element or having it outside the compound itself, are more characteristic of dialects close to Ancient Greek. At the same time right-headed compounds are more typical of dialects close to Standard Modern Greek. The dialects within the classification are arranged according to the prevailing type of compounds in a dialect.