Assessment of the psychological status of hemodialysis patients
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Abstract
Количество пациентов, получающих хронический гемодиализ, растет как в мире, так и в России. Причиной этому можно считать неуклонный рост пациентов, имеющих хроническую болезнь почек – на данный момент насчитывается более 800 миллионов больных, из них около 3 миллионов находятся на последней стадии заболевания и нуждаются в терапии гемодиализом. Более того, к 2030 году прогнозируется рост больных, получающих терапию хроническим гемодиализом до 5,4 миллионов человек.
Многие работы подтверждают, что пациенты, получающие терапию хроническим гемодиализом, так же имеют повышенный уровень депрессии, тревоги, сниженную адаптацию к стрессу и, как следствие, сниженное качество жизни, что приводит к серьезным последствиям в плане приверженности к лечению и снижению принятия собственной болезни. Помимо того, что диализные пациенты часто имеют симптомы депрессии и тревоги, есть данные о связи развития депрессивных состояний с некоторыми клиническими показателями, в частности, с низким уровнем альбумина . Однако, несмотря на наличие работ об эффективности тех или иных мер для снижения тяжести конкретного психического расстройства пациентов на гемодиализе, что говорит о том, что возможность улучшения качества жизни гемодиализных пациентов возможна, оценка психологического состояния все еще не является рутиной практикой в работе врача-нефролога, как и нет у врачей настороженности по поводу психических расстройств, вероятность развитие которых возможно оценить, например, по лабораторным данным – гипоальбуминемия. Автор это исследования считает, что полноценная оценка психического статуса необходима, в первую очередь, лечащему врачу-нефрологу, для лучшего понимания состояния своих пациентов и на основании этого, возможного изменения подхода к их терапии, с привлечением специалистов других специальностей, таких как, психологов, психотерапевтов и психиатров. Новизна данной работы заключается в том, что производился поиск корреляций качества жизни с депрессией, тревогой, возможностями адаптации и с базовыми клиническими показателями.
Современное состояние проблемы
На данный момент происходит рост пациентов, нуждающихся в хроническом гемодиализе, что ведет к росту выявления у данной группы пациентов снижения качества жизни. Согласно современным представлениям на качество жизни гемодиализных больных влияют две главные составляющие – медицинская и социальная – первая включает в себя: качество самой процедуры гемодиализа, которая оценивается, в основном, по уровню клиренса мочевины, калия и фосфора, так же по работе и качественности ее выполнения медицинского персонала и взаимодействие с медицинским персоналом – однако, эта составляющая показала меньшее влияние на качество жизни, чем вторая, включающая в себя, в первую очередь, различные психические расстройства (они же играют определяющую роль для уровня влияния социального фактора) и социальная обустроенность пациента, то есть взаимоотношения с членами семьи, статус трудоустройства. Таким образом, для оценки более всего интересен именно психологический статус пациента. Однако не только он один занимает место среди исследуемых проблем – вопрос этиологии данных расстройств, в конкретном случае с гемодиализными пациентами так же остается открытым, вместе с вопросом о первичном причинном факторе, так как помимо очевидных психологических предпосылок развития депрессии и тревоги, в виде наличия неизлечимой болезни, у гемодиализных пациентов присутствует и возможный морфологический субстрат развития психических расстройств – почечная энцефалопатия.
Цель работы
Провести комплексную оценку психологического состояния пациентов, поучающих хронический гемодиализ, оценить ее корреляцию с базовыми физиологическими показателями (в качестве вторичной точки для оценки).
Задачи
Провести первичную и вторичные оценки наличия депрессивных и тревожных расстройств, оценить качество жизни по соответствующим шкалам, дать оценку адаптационным способностям пациентов на гемодиализе, проследить корреляции результатов по вышеперечисленным шкалам с показателями гемоглобина, альбумина, показатель очистки, фосфора.
Практическое значение результатов
В клинической практике информация о возможной корреляции или ее отсутствии между клиническими показателями пациента и психологическим статусом может подсказать дальнейшую тактику введения данных пациентов, а также необходимость или же наоборот ее отсутствие в привлечении специалистов других областей медицины, а именно психиатров и психологов. Более того «забота» врача о качестве жизни пациентов может привести к повышению приверженности больных к лечению, что в свою очередь, автоматически приводит к повышению качества жизни.
Результаты
В ходе работы по оценке психологического статуса 73 пациентов были выявлены определенные закономерности в структуре психологического статуса пациентов, получающих хронический гемодиализ. Так же была установлена возможная связь уровней альбумина и креатинина с качеством жизни пациентов.
The number of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis is growing both in the world and in Russia. The reason for this can be considered a steady increase in patients with chronic kidney disease – at the moment there are more than 800 million patients, of which about 3 million are at the last stage of the disease and need hemodialysis therapy. Moreover, by 2030, the growth of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis therapy is projected to reach 5.4 million people. Many studies confirm that patients receiving chronic hemodialysis therapy also have an increased level of depression, anxiety, reduced adaptation to stress and, as a result, a reduced quality of life, which leads to serious consequences in terms of adherence to treatment and reduced acceptance of their own illness. In addition to the fact that dialysis patients often have symptoms of depression and anxiety, there is evidence that the development of depressive states is associated with some clinical indicators, in particular, with low albumin levels. However, despite the availability of works on the effectiveness of certain measures to reduce the severity of a particular mental disorder of patients on hemodialysis, which suggests that the possibility of improving the quality of life of hemodialysis patients is possible, the assessment of the psychological state is still not a routine practice in the work of a nephrologist, as doctors do not have alertness about mental disorders, the probability of the development of which can be estimated, for example, according to laboratory data – hypoalbuminemia. The author of this study believes that a full assessment of the mental status is necessary, first of all, for the attending nephrologist to better understand the condition of his patients and, based on this, a possible change in the approach to their therapy, with the involvement of specialists of other specialties, such as psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that correlations of quality of life with depression, anxiety, adaptability and basic clinical indicators were searched. Current state of the problem At the moment, there is an increase in patients requiring chronic hemodialysis, which leads to an increase in the detection of a decrease in the quality of life in this group of patients. According to modern concepts, the quality of life of hemodialysis patients is influenced by two main components – medical and social – the first one includes: the quality of the hemodialysis procedure itself, which is assessed mainly by the level of clearance of urea, potassium and phosphorus, as well as by the work and quality of its performance of medical personnel and interaction with medical personnel – however, this component showed less impact on the quality of life than the second one, which includes, first of all, various mental disorders (they also play a decisive role for the level of influence of the social factor) and the social well-being of the patient, that is, relationships with family members, employment status. Thus, it is the psychological status of the patient that is most interesting for evaluation. However, he is not the only one who occupies a place among the studied problems – the question of the etiology of these disorders, in the specific case of hemodialysis patients, also remains open, along with the question of the primary causal factor, since in addition to the obvious psychological prerequisites for the development of depression and anxiety, in the form of the presence of an incurable disease, hemodialysis patients also have a possible morphological substrate development of mental disorders – renal encephalopathy. Purpose of the work To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the psychological state of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, to assess its correlation with basic physiological indicators (as a secondary point for evaluation). Tasks To conduct primary and secondary assessments of the presence of depressive and anxiety disorders, to assess the quality of life according to the appropriate scales, to assess the adaptive abilities of patients on hemodialysis, to trace the correlations of the results on the above scales with the indicators of hemoglobin, albumin, purification index, phosphorus. Practical significance of the results In clinical practice, information about a possible correlation or its absence between the patient's clinical indicators and psychological status may suggest further tactics for the introduction of these patients, as well as the need or, conversely, its absence in attracting specialists from other fields of medicine, namely psychiatrists and psychologists. Moreover, the doctor's "concern" about the quality of life of patients can lead to an increase in patients' adherence to treatment, which in turn automatically leads to an increase in the quality of life. Results During the work on the assessment of the psychological status of 73 patients, certain patterns were revealed in the structure of the psychological status of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. A possible association of albumin and creatinine levels with the quality of life of patients was also established.
The number of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis is growing both in the world and in Russia. The reason for this can be considered a steady increase in patients with chronic kidney disease – at the moment there are more than 800 million patients, of which about 3 million are at the last stage of the disease and need hemodialysis therapy. Moreover, by 2030, the growth of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis therapy is projected to reach 5.4 million people. Many studies confirm that patients receiving chronic hemodialysis therapy also have an increased level of depression, anxiety, reduced adaptation to stress and, as a result, a reduced quality of life, which leads to serious consequences in terms of adherence to treatment and reduced acceptance of their own illness. In addition to the fact that dialysis patients often have symptoms of depression and anxiety, there is evidence that the development of depressive states is associated with some clinical indicators, in particular, with low albumin levels. However, despite the availability of works on the effectiveness of certain measures to reduce the severity of a particular mental disorder of patients on hemodialysis, which suggests that the possibility of improving the quality of life of hemodialysis patients is possible, the assessment of the psychological state is still not a routine practice in the work of a nephrologist, as doctors do not have alertness about mental disorders, the probability of the development of which can be estimated, for example, according to laboratory data – hypoalbuminemia. The author of this study believes that a full assessment of the mental status is necessary, first of all, for the attending nephrologist to better understand the condition of his patients and, based on this, a possible change in the approach to their therapy, with the involvement of specialists of other specialties, such as psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that correlations of quality of life with depression, anxiety, adaptability and basic clinical indicators were searched. Current state of the problem At the moment, there is an increase in patients requiring chronic hemodialysis, which leads to an increase in the detection of a decrease in the quality of life in this group of patients. According to modern concepts, the quality of life of hemodialysis patients is influenced by two main components – medical and social – the first one includes: the quality of the hemodialysis procedure itself, which is assessed mainly by the level of clearance of urea, potassium and phosphorus, as well as by the work and quality of its performance of medical personnel and interaction with medical personnel – however, this component showed less impact on the quality of life than the second one, which includes, first of all, various mental disorders (they also play a decisive role for the level of influence of the social factor) and the social well-being of the patient, that is, relationships with family members, employment status. Thus, it is the psychological status of the patient that is most interesting for evaluation. However, he is not the only one who occupies a place among the studied problems – the question of the etiology of these disorders, in the specific case of hemodialysis patients, also remains open, along with the question of the primary causal factor, since in addition to the obvious psychological prerequisites for the development of depression and anxiety, in the form of the presence of an incurable disease, hemodialysis patients also have a possible morphological substrate development of mental disorders – renal encephalopathy. Purpose of the work To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the psychological state of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, to assess its correlation with basic physiological indicators (as a secondary point for evaluation). Tasks To conduct primary and secondary assessments of the presence of depressive and anxiety disorders, to assess the quality of life according to the appropriate scales, to assess the adaptive abilities of patients on hemodialysis, to trace the correlations of the results on the above scales with the indicators of hemoglobin, albumin, purification index, phosphorus. Practical significance of the results In clinical practice, information about a possible correlation or its absence between the patient's clinical indicators and psychological status may suggest further tactics for the introduction of these patients, as well as the need or, conversely, its absence in attracting specialists from other fields of medicine, namely psychiatrists and psychologists. Moreover, the doctor's "concern" about the quality of life of patients can lead to an increase in patients' adherence to treatment, which in turn automatically leads to an increase in the quality of life. Results During the work on the assessment of the psychological status of 73 patients, certain patterns were revealed in the structure of the psychological status of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. A possible association of albumin and creatinine levels with the quality of life of patients was also established.