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http://hdl.handle.net/11701/2355
2024-03-29T10:00:03ZThe relationship of early maladaptive schemas and schema modes with violence risk in persons acquitted by reason of insanity
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44542
Название: The relationship of early maladaptive schemas and schema modes with violence risk in persons acquitted by reason of insanity
Авторы: Surgutskiy, Evgeniy D.; Vartanyan, Gayane A.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The legal term “insanity defense” is used to describe people who commit a crime under the
influence of a mental disorder. The assessment of the violence risk posed by such individuals is complex, and in global practice, it is typically conducted by a multiprofessional team. However,
in Russian practice, psychological evaluation is not carried out since it is believed that
psychological drivers lose their significance in the presence of a mental disorder. The article
describes the results of a study on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and
schema modes with violence risk in persons acquitted by reason of insanity. Measurements
were taken from 58 male patients at the St. Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital, a specialized facility
with intensive supervision, ranging in age from 18 to 61 years. These measurements
included the level of severity of early maladaptive schemas (assessed using the Young Schema
Questionnaire — Short Form Revised), the level of severity of dysfunctional schema modes
(evaluated through the Schema Mode Inventory), and the level of violence risk (measured
using the Historical Clinical Risk Management Scales — HCR-20 V2). The results obtained
using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the Benjamini — Hochberg procedure lead
to the conclusion that a weak reliable relationship exists between the schema “Insufficient
Self-Control” and the level of violence risk in persons acquitted by reason of insanity. Consequently,
it is inferred that this schema can be considered a psychological driver of violence
risk. The conducted research is the first of its kind in Russia.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZThe influence of confabulations about the reasons for the choice on the formation of false memories
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44541
Название: The influence of confabulations about the reasons for the choice on the formation of false memories
Авторы: Gershkovich, Valeria A.; Tikhonov, Roman V.; Bystrova, Ekaterina E.; Lvova, Olga V.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The article examines the causes of the choice blindness aftereffect on the formation of false
memories. Several studies have shown that when individuals provide reasons for a choice they did not actually make, their memories shift towards the invented justifications (confabulations).
The aim of this study is to contrast the explanation of the mnemonic aftereffect
of choice blindness in terms of cognitive dissonance theory with explanations in terms of
recency and verbalization effects. In the experiment, we compared two situations: one where
participants justified evaluations contradicting their initial opinions, and another where they
justified evaluations but attributed them to their partners’ opinions. It was hypothesized that
if self-justification induces cognitive dissonance, participants who confabulated reasons for
choices believed to be their own would exhibit more false memories regarding the original
choice compared to those who believed they justified their partner’s opinion. The first stage
involved participants evaluating the IQ of women based on their photos. In the second stage
they had to explain the reasons for the evaluations (either considering it their own choice
or partner’s). Half of the evaluations submitted for explanations contradicted the previously
issued ones (low evaluations changed to high ones and vice versa). In the third stage, the
participants had to remember the original evaluation. A change in the pole of perceived IQ
judgments was measured. The results confirmed the presence of the choice blindness effect.
The effect of false memories was found only in the group that considered the presented evaluations
to be their own opinions.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZFeatures of the creative imagination of primary school age children with visual impairment
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44540
Название: Features of the creative imagination of primary school age children with visual impairment
Авторы: Sorokin, Victor M.; Darinskaia, Larisa A.; Molodtsova, Galina I.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The article discusses the problem of creative imagination development in children with visual
impairment. The authors proceed from the position that shortcomings of sensory cognition,
in particular the images of representations in the form of schematism, fragmentation, etc.,
affect the development of creative imagination. In the meantime, preservation of combinatorial
mechanisms can be a compensatory component in the development of fantasy in visually
impaired children. In modern child pathopsychology, the question of nature of impaired vision
influence on the process of imagination development remains open. On the one hand,
a decrease in visual acuity enhances perceptual uncertainty which can contribute to the development
of imagination. On the other hand, the narrowing of sensory experience leads to
irreversible underdevelopment of creative imagination. According to the authors of the article,
a visual defect can have a negative impact on the imagination development, however, a corrective
effect can reveal the potential opportunities realized in the zone of proximal development.
The relevance and novelty of the study are due not only to the lack of scientific developments
devoted to imagination in conditions of visual impairment, but also to the importance
of this phenomenon in the learning process and socio-psychological integration of visually
impaired people. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of various
features of the imagination of visually impaired and normally seeing children. Sample: visually
impaired students studying in a special (correctional) school for children with visual impairments
and their peers who can see normally, studying in a general education school in the
first grade (25 people — the experimental group, 25 people — the control group; average age
is 7–8 years). The study was carried out using the technique of finishing geometric shapes (Dyachenko,
Kirillova). The data obtained indicate the negative impact of visual acuity reduction
on the development of creative imagination of primary school children. This applies both to
quantitative and qualitative aspects of imagination images. Nevertheless, the existing potential
opportunities were clearly revealed in the course of a correctional and developmental experiment.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZPerceptions of childhood experiences and characteristics of shame in adults
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44539
Название: Perceptions of childhood experiences and characteristics of shame in adults
Авторы: Levintsova, Maria I.; Pleshkova, Natalya L.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Shame tends to motivate social approach to restore the threatened self. If this seems impossible,
however, shame activates social withdrawal. Though it is unclear why one can underestimate
the possibility of repairing their threatened self, research suggests the role of adverse
childhood experiences. People with such experiences report shame memories that have
traumatic memory characteristics such as intrusions, avoidance and hyperarousal, which are
associated with feelings of helplessness and alienation in the face of danger. Therefore, social
withdrawal following shame could be associated with higher posttraumatic stress in response
to shame experiences. The aim of the study was to examine the link between perceptions of
childhood experiences and proneness to shame in adults. The sample included 73 participants
(60 females, 13 males), M = 23. Perceptions of childhood experiences were measured using the
Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. The Impact of Event Scale, the Guilt and Shame Proneness
Scale and a modified procedure for assessing shame-induced behavior (de Hooge et al.)
were used to measure characteristics of shame. We used comparative, factorial and multiple
regression analyses. The childhood experiences of emotional bullying, physical assault, and
sexual abuse related to neglect are associated with higher posttraumatic stress in response to
shame experiences in adults. The participants with higher posttraumatic stress report a greater
tendency to avoid social interactions when feeling shame. Childhood adversity can contribute
to higher posttraumatic stress in response to shame experiences. As a result, one has lower
expectations of social support and tends to avoid social interactions when feeling shame.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZFeatures of subjective well-being and coping strategies in women during periods of soft and hard social transitivity
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44538
Название: Features of subjective well-being and coping strategies in women during periods of soft and hard social transitivity
Авторы: Orestova, Vasilisa R.; Zolotareva, Svetlana E.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The relevance of the study is determined by large-scale, overlapping, multidirectional changes
throughout the world over the past few years, which create a situation of social transitivity with
heterogeneous periods. The concept of social transitivity is analyzed, in which heterogeneous
periods are distinguished. The aim of the work is an empirical study of the specifics of subjective
well-being, psychological defenses and coping strategies in women in situations of hard
and soft social transitivity. The study involved 318 women (N = 318), living in different cities
of Russia aged from 26 to 55 years. The study was conducted in 2022 in two stages — during
periods of soft and hard transitivity. The results obtained prove the importance for subjective
well-being, psychological defenses and the choice of coping strategies for experiencing a person’s
current situation as a crisis. The specificity of the links between subjective well-being and
psychological defenses and coping strategies has been revealed both for groups with different
experiences of the current situation and for different periods of transitivity. It is shown that
rigid transitivity erases almost all differences between those who assess the current situation of
social transitivity as a crisis and those who for whom it is not. It has been established that the
greatest contribution to the maintenance of subjective well-being is made by the psychological
defense “denial”, and these connections have their own specifics in two groups for different periods
of transitivity. Few links were found between coping strategies and subjective well-being,
among them positive links between the coping strategy “positive reformulation and personal
growth” and subjective well-being in a group of women who assess the situation as a crisis,
and the number of these links decreases in a situation of rigid transitivity. The results obtained
contribute to the development of the problem of the psychological well-being of an individual
in a situation of social and personal transitivity.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZThe role of social support and resilience in the sociopsychological adaptation of male and female adolescents
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44537
Название: The role of social support and resilience in the sociopsychological adaptation of male and female adolescents
Авторы: Golovey, Larisa A.; Galasheva, Olga S.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The article discusses the role of social support and resilience in the socio-psychological adaptation
(SPA) of adolescents. Adolescence is characterized by rapid psychophysiological development,
restructuring of social relations, and special sensitivity to the factors and resources
of the social environment. The changes taking place in all spheres of a teenager’s life require
the mobilization of the internal resources of the individual and the appeal to the resources of
the external environment. One of the indicators of the success of the functioning of the individual
and its adaptation to the social environment is SPA. Despite the presence of numerous
studies on the problems of SPA, the issue of the ratio of internal and external resources of SPA remains insufficiently studied, the role of various components of resilience and social support
in the adaptation process has not been determined, gender characteristics of the level and
structure of protected areas and its resources have not been studied. The purpose of the work
is to study the role of resilience and social support in the SPA of adolescents. Methods: C. Rogers
and R. Dymond SPA diagnostic technique, S. Maddi “Resilience” questionnaire adapted
by D. A. Leontiev, questionnaire of social support of G. Sommer and T. Fydrich (adapted by
A. B. Kholmogorova and G. A. Petrova). The study involved 299 adolescents aged 13–17 years.
Gender differences in the structure of SPA indicators were revealed. Boys have higher adaptation
(p ≤ 0.004), acceptance of others (p ≤ 0.000), emotional comfort (p ≤ 0.229), internality
(p ≤ 0.046), striving for dominance (p ≤ 0.010). Girls are characterized by a higher level of selfacceptance
(p ≤ 0.089). Higher indicators of hardiness were found in young men. No gender
differences in the parameters of social support were found. It has been shown that the relationship
of SPA with resilience and social support differs in boys and girls, as well as in groups with
different levels of SPA. A number of components of resilience and perceived social support
play roles as predictors of SPA.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZThe structure of basic life orientations: Ethno-cultural aspect (using the example of the Chinese version of the Subject-Object Orientations Questionnaire)
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44536
Название: The structure of basic life orientations: Ethno-cultural aspect (using the example of the Chinese version of the Subject-Object Orientations Questionnaire)
Авторы: Korjova, Elena Yu.; Qin, Pengfei; Veselova, Elena K.; Dvoretskaya, Marianna Ya.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Basic life orientations characterize the general objective of personality and depend on culture,
traditions and mentality. Adequate psychological techniques are essential for cross-cultural
studies. The aim of this study was to adapt the Russian-language Questionnaire of Subject-
Object Orientations in Chinese. The following tasks were solved: equivalent translation of the
questionnaire into Chinese; analysis of the discriminativity of items and the questionnaire as a
whole; identification of the Chinese version factor structure; determination of its validity and
reliability. The questionnaire was adapted among 1,471 Chinese students of the University of
Guizhou Province (China). The survey of respondents was carried out according to six Chinese
versions, in different samples. The adapted Chinese version of the questionnaire consists
of 11 items included in three factors: 1) the courage to challenge difficulties; 2) the desire for
inner harmony; 3) clarity of purpose in life. This structure of basic life orientations differs
significantly from the four-factor structure inherent in Russians (three factors characterizing
different aspects of the creative personal orientation in life situations, and the transsituational
locus of control). According to the results of psychometric analysis, the Chinese version of the
questionnaire provides assessments of statements on a 5-point Likert scale, unlike the Russian
version with an alternative choice of answers. The Chinese version of the questionnaire
has high reliability and validity and can be used to study the life orientations of the Chinese.
The use of this version will contribute to the development of scientific and cultural exchange
between Russia and China.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZA contextual approach to the characteristics of a preschooler’s temperament: The role of the educational environment
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44535
Название: A contextual approach to the characteristics of a preschooler’s temperament: The role of the educational environment
Авторы: Rudnova, Natalia A.; Kornienko, Dmitry S.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): According to numerous past and contemporary studies, biological factors (such as maturation
of the nervous system) and a number of environmental factors influence the development
of temperament. It has been demonstrated that, among other environmental factors
that influence the manifestation of temperamental characteristics, the relationships between
parents and children can be viewed as an indicator of the social environment. When
a child transitions from the family environment to the educational environment, the quality
of which is a significant element in the continued development of preschoolers, the child’s
temperament characteristics begin to play an increasingly essential role in the process of
socialization. In this regard, it is important to investigate whether there is a correlation
between the characteristics of temperament and the structural and procedural aspects of
the educational environment. According to previous studies, the characteristics of the educational
milieu are related to the temperamental characteristics of a child. More research
has been conducted on the relationship between a child’s temperament and the procedural
characteristics of the environment, i. e. the interactions and relationships between the child
and the teacher. One of the principal conclusions is that this relationship is reciprocal: the
teacher’s attitude toward the child influences the manifestation of temperamental traits,
and the child’s temperament influences the quality of the relationship. The structure of the
educational environment is also related to a child’s temperament; however, data on this relationship
have been collected for a very long time and are extremely limited, necessitating
further empirical research to validate the results obtained. This paper examines the relationship
between temperament and the parameters of the educational environment, taking
into consideration its interactivity (M. Rothbart), the goodness of fit (A. Thomas, S. Chess),
the niche picking (S. Scarr, C. McCarthy), the differential susceptibility hypothesis (B. Ellis),
and sensitive periods of the development of temperament properties. The possibilities of
considering children’s temperament into the implementation of educational programs in
preschool institutions are discussed.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZThe study of subjective and personal characteristics in line with the systemsubject approach
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44534
Название: The study of subjective and personal characteristics in line with the systemsubject approach
Авторы: Pavlova, Nadezhda S.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The paper deals with the category formation of “subject” in Russian psychology in line with
the subject-activity approach of S. L. Rubinshtein. Then the idea of the subject was developed
in the works of A. V. Brushlinsky, as well as in the systemic-subjective approach of E. A. Sergienko.
It is shown that S. L. Rubinshtein formulated the position about the subject as an active
doer, the creator of his life and history. This position was further significantly enriched by
A. V. Brushlinsky due to his continuum-genetic theory and resulted in a new direction — the
subject psychology as an integrative study of human psychology. The system-subject approach
of E. A. Sergienko is a development of the subject psychology and combines systemic and subject-
activity approaches. It substantiates the level understanding of the criteria of subjectivity.
It is proposed to consider the categories of subject and personality in the unity of individuality,
but at the same time having their own specifics. The personality is a nuclear, content aspect
(generation of meanings, values, orientation). While the subject is an individual opportunity
for choices, goals, and the implementation of tasks, taking into account both situations, as
well as individual orientation and interactions’ meanings. The specific functions of the subject
and personality are described. The development concept of subject and personality at the entire
ontogenesis stage is presented. A processual understanding of psychological maturity is
proposed. Studies clarifying and verifying the system-subject approach are summarized: the
subject and the personality characteristics of people of different professions in relation to the time perspective; mental resources for regulating behavior at the late ontogenesis stage. It is
concluded that the development principle and the subject psychology can become the basis
for a holistic study of human psychology and the unification of various schools and paradigms,
theory and practice.2023-12-01T00:00:00ZIndividualization and psychologization of modern society as factors of weakening social ties
http://hdl.handle.net/11701/44533
Название: Individualization and psychologization of modern society as factors of weakening social ties
Авторы: Khoroshilov, Dmitry A.
Краткий осмотр (реферат): The article proves the thesis according to which psychology, as a scientific discipline and
social practice (in the form of psychotherapy and counseling), penetrating into all spheres
of everyday life in modern society, is a response to the worldview contradictions of the era
of modernism. The paradigms of post- and metamodernism that characterize our time can
rightfully be considered a continuation of the main line of early modernism of the early twentieth
century, associated with the understanding of modernization (the historical process of
transition from a traditional and sustainable way of life to social uncertainty and instability).
Therefore, modernity is also called the era of late modernism. In modern society and culture,
the responsibility for solving the problem of the stability and variability of life is attributed not
to collectives or groups, as in previous historical periods, but to individuals. Now, not philosophy
or anthropology, but psychology as the scientific project of modernism seeks to answer
the famous Kantian question about what a person is. The mass dissemination of psychological
knowledge and practice leads to the psychologization of society, that is, to the explanation of
the surrounding world and life problems only with the help of psychological categories; a person
fixes on the inner experience and personal self-development, thereby distancing himself
from unpredictable social events and changes. The psychologization of society enhances its
individualization. Individualization is seen as a dual phenomenon: on the one hand, it implies
the most free and active construction of identity and lifestyle, and on the other hand, it carries
the danger of social atomization and the collapse of solidarity, which can be a prerequisite for
the formation of totalitarian mass movements. The paradox: individualization and psychologization,
designed to reduce social uncertainty, increase it, locking a person into his own Self.
To prevent the negative effects listed above, it is recommended to strengthen psychological
concepts in scientific and public discourses that emphasize the importance of intersubjective,
joint construction of the image of a changing world.2023-12-01T00:00:00Z